Applications

Unlock the full-spectrum health benefits of creatine monohydrate

🔋 Energy

  • Wallimann, T.; Harris, R. Creatine: A miserable life without it. Amino Acids 2016, 48, 1739–1750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-016-2297-x
  • Bonilla, D.A.; Kreider, R.B.; Stout, J.R.; Forero, D.A.; Kerksick, C.M.; Roberts, M.D.; Rawson, E.S. Metabolic Basis of Creatine in Health and Disease: A Bioinformatics-Assisted Review. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041238
  • Wallimann, T.; Wyss, M.; Brdiczka, D.; Nicolay, K.; Eppenberger, H.M. Intracellular compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands: The ‘phosphocreatine circuit’ for cellular energy homeostasis. Biochem. J. 1992, 281, 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2810021
  • Balestrino, M.; Gandolfo, C.; Perasso, L. Controlling the Flow of Energy: Inhibition and Stimulation of the Creatine Transporter. Curr. Enzym. Inhib. 2009, 5, 223–233. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340809789630299 
  • Mesa, J.L.M.; Ruiz, J.R.; Gonzalez-Gross, M.M.; Gutierrez Sainz, A.; Castillo Garzon, M.J. Oral Creatine Supplementation and Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Physical Exercise. Sports Med. 2002, 32, 903–944. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200232140-00003
  • Brault, J.J.; Towse, T.F.; Slade, J.M.; Meyer, R.A. Parallel Increases in Phosphocreatine and Total Creatine in Human Vastus Lateralis Muscle during Creatine Supplementation. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2007, 17, 624–634. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.17.6.624 
  • Kongas, O.; van Beek, J. Creatine kinase in energy metabolic signaling in muscle. Nat. Preced. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1038/npre.2007.1317.1 
  • Barclay, C.J. Energy demand and supply in human skeletal muscle. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 2017, 38, 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10974-017-9467-7 
  • Wallimann, T.; Tokarska-Schlattner, M.; Neumann, D.; Epand, R.M.; Epand, R.F.; Andres, R.H.; Widmer, H.R.; Hornemann, T.; Saks, V.; Agarkova, I.; et al. The Phosphocreatine Circuit: Molecular and Cellular Physiology of Creatine Kinases, Sensitivity to Free Radicals, and Enhancement by Creatine Supplementation. In Molecular System Bioenergetics; Saks, V., Ed.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2007; pp. 195–264. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527621095.ch7 
  • Wallimann, T. The extended, dynamic mitochondrial reticulum in skeletal muscle and the creatine kinase (CK)/phosphocreatine (PCr) shuttle are working hand in hand for optimal energy provision. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 2015, 36, 297–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10974-015-9427-z 
  • Kreider, R.; Willoughby, D.; Greenwood, M.; Parise, G.; Payne, E.T. Effects of serum creatine supplementation on muscle creatine and phosphagen levels. J. Exerc. Physiol. Online 2003, 6, 24–33. https://www.asep.org/asep/asep/KreiderV2.pdf 
  • Wallimann, T.; Tokarska-Schlattner, M.; Kay, L.; Schlattner, U. Role of creatine and creatine kinase in UCP1-independent adipocyte thermogenesis. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2020, 319, E944–E946. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00367.2020 
  • Kreider, R.B.; Kalman, D.S.; Antonio, J.; Ziegenfuss, T.N.; Wildman, R.; Collins, R.; Candow, D.G.; Kleiner, S.M.; Almada, A.L.; Lopez, H.L. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J. Int. Soc. of Sports Nutr. 2017, 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z 
Combine creatine with other nutrients with an EU-health claim: calcium, iron, magnesium, and vitamin B12. 

♀️ Female Health

  • Smith-Ryan, A. E., DelBiondo, G. M., Brown, A. F., Kleiner, S. M., Tran, N. T., & Ellery, S. J. (2025). Creatine in women’s health: bridging the gap from menstruation through pregnancy to menopause. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2502094 
  • Muccini, A.M.; Tran, N.T.; de Guingand, D.L.; Philip, M.; Della Gatta, P.A.; Galinsky, R.; Sherman, L.S.; Kelleher, M.A.; Palmer, K.R.; Berry, M.J.; Walker, D.W.; Snow, R.J.; Ellery, S.J. Creatine Metabolism in Female Reproduction, Pregnancy and Newborn Health. Nutrients 2021, 13, 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020490 
  • Smith-Ryan, A.E.; Cabre, H.E.; Eckerson, J.M.; Candow, D.G. Creatine Supplementation in Women’s Health: A Lifespan Perspective. Nutrients 2021, 13, 877. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030877 
  • De Guingand, D.L.; Palmer, K.R.; Bilardi, J.E.; Ellery, S.J. Acceptability of dietary or nutritional supplementation in pregnancy (ADONS)—Exploring the consumer’s perspective on introducing creatine monohydrate as a pregnancy supplement. Midwifery 2020, 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2019.102599 
  • Naidu, M., de Guingand, D. L., Hunter, G., Tran, N. T., Snow, R. J., Kirkpatrick, C. M., … Palmer, K. R. Open label, dose escalation trial of creatine monohydrate in pregnancy. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2025, 22(sup1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2533652 
  • Ellery SJ, Della Gatta PA, Bruce CR, et al. Creatine biosynthesis and transport by the term human placenta. Placenta. 2017;52:86–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2017.02.020 
  • Ellery SJ, Walker DW, Dickinson H. Creatine for women: a review of the relationship between creatine and the reproductive cycle and female-specific benefits of creatine therapy. Amino Acids. 2016; 48(8):1807–1817.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-016-2199-y 
  • Chilibeck PD, Candow DG, Landeryou T, et al. Effects of creatine and resistance training on bone health in postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015; 47(8):1587–1595. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000571 
  • Gordon AN, Moore SR, Patterson ND, et al. The effects of creatine monohydrate loading on exercise recovery in active women throughout the menstrual cycle. Nutrients. 2023; 15(16):3567. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163567 
  • Aguiar Bonfim Cruz AJ, Brooks SJ, Kleinkopf K, et al. Creatine improves total sleep duration following resistance training days versus non-resistance training days among naturally menstruating females. Nutrients. 2024; 16(16):2772. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162772 
  • De Guingand DL, Palmer KR, Callahan DL, et al. Creatine and pregnancy outcomes: a prospective cohort study of creatine metabolism in low-risk pregnant females. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024; 119(3):838–849.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.11.006
  • Ostojic SM, Stea TH, Ellery SJ, et al. Association between dietary intake of creatine and female reproductive health: evidence from NHANES 2017–2020. Food Sci Nutr. 2024; 12(7):4893–4898. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4135
  • Ostojic SM, Forbes SC, Candow DG. Do pregnant women consume enough creatine? Evidence from NHANES 2011–2018. Ann Nutr Metab. 2022; 78(2):114–116. https://doi.org/10.1159/000520818  
  • Eckerson JM. Creatine as an ergogenic aid for female athletes. Strength Cond J. 2016; 38(2):14–23. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000208   
  • Ellery SJ, Murthi P, Davies-Tuck ML, et al. Placental creatine metabolism in cases of placental insufficiency and reduced fetal growth. Mol Hum Reprod. 2019; 25(8):495–505. https://doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gaz039  
Combine creatine with other nutrients with an EU-health claim: iron, folate, and vitamin B6.

🫀 Cardiovascular Health

  • Kamalanathan, H., Kaleeny, K., Premkumar, V., Malouf, J., Nielsen, A., & Millhouse, J. Creatine Supplementation in Heart Failure: A Systematic Review of Functional and Symptomatic Outcomes. Heart, Lung and Circulation 2025, 34, S287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2025.06.302 
  • Balestrino, M. Role of Creatine in the Heart: Health and Disease. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1215. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041215 
  • López-Clemente, J. C., Fuertes-Kenneally, L., Huerta, J. A., Arcos, F. S., González-López, J., Lozano, R. M., & Moreno, J. A. C. Efficacy and safety of creatine supplementation in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: a pilot study. REC: CardioClinics 2025, 60(2), 76-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccl.2024.10.012
  • Aron, A., Landrum, E. J., Schneider, A. D., Via, M., Evans, L., & Rawson, E. S. Effects of acute creatine supplementation on cardiac and vascular responses in older men; a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 2024, 63, 557-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.07.008 
  • Clarke, H.; Hickner, R.C.; Ormsbee, M.J. The Potential Role of Creatine in Vascular Health. Nutrients 2021, 13, 857. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030857 
  • Saks, V.; Schlattner, U.; Tokarska-Schlattner, M.; Wallimann, T.; Bagur, R.; Zorman, S.; Pelosse, M.; Santos, P.D.; Boucher, F.; Kaambre, T.; et al. Systems Level Regulation of Cardiac Energy Fluxes Via Metabolic Cycles: Role of Creatine, Phosphotransfer Pathways, and AMPK Signaling. In Systems Biology of Metabolic and Signaling Networks; Aon, M., Saks, V., Schlattner, U., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2014; pp. 261–320. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38505-6_11  
  • Aliev, M.; Guzun, R.; Karu-Varikmaa, M.; Kaambre, T.; Wallimann, T.; Saks, V. Molecular System Bioenergics of the Heart: Experimental Studies of Metabolic Compartmentation and Energy Fluxes versus Computer Modeling. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 9296-9331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12129296 
  • Gordon, A., Hultman, E., Kaijser, L., Kristjansson, S., Rolf, C. J., Nyquist, O., & Sylvén, C. Creatine supplementation in chronic heart failure increases skeletal muscle creatine phosphate and muscle performance. Cardiovascular research 1995, 30(3), 413-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(95)00062-3 
Combine creatine with other nutrients with an EU-health claim: EPA, DHA, thiamine, and vitamin D.

💪🏼 Age-related muscle loss

  • Sharifian, G., Aseminia, P., Heidary, D. et al. Impact of creatine supplementation and exercise training in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2025, 22, 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-025-00384-9 
  • Smith AN, Sullivan DK, Morris JK, Carbuhn AF, Herda TJ and Taylor MK. Eight weeks of creatine monohydrate supplementation is associated with increased muscle strength and size in Alzheimer’s disease: data from a single-arm pilot study. Front. Nutr. 2025, 12:1670641. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1670641  
  • Candow, D. G., Ostojic, S. M., Chilibeck, P. D., Longobardi, I., Gualano, B., Tarnopolsky, M. A., … Antonio, J. Creatine monohydrate supplementation for older adults and clinical populations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2025, 22(sup1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2534130 
  • Ostojic, S. M., Prémusz, V., & Ács, P. Creatine and cellular senescence: from molecular pathways to populational health. Experimental gerontology 2025, 207, 112798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2025.112798 
  • Casciola, R.; Leoni, L.; Cuffari, B.; Pecchini, M.; Menozzi, R.; Colecchia, A.; Ravaioli, F. Creatine Supplementation to Improve Sarcopenia in Chronic Liver Disease: Facts and Perspectives. Nutrients 2023, 15, 863. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040863 
  • Candow, D.G.; Forbes, S.C.; Chilibeck, P.D.; Cornish, S.M.; Antonio, J.; Kreider, R.B. Effectiveness of Creatine Supplementation on Aging Muscle and Bone: Focus on Falls Prevention and Inflammation. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 488. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8040488 
  • Choi M, Kim H, Bae J. Does the combination of resistance training and a nutritional intervention have a synergic effect on muscle mass, strength, and physical function in older adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2021; 21(1):639. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02491-5 
  • dos Santos, E.E.P.; de Araújo, R.C.; Candow, D.G.; Forbes, S.C.; Guijo, J.A.; de Almeida Santana, C.C.; Prado, W.L.d.; Botero, J.P. Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass in Older Females: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3757. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113757 
  • Stares A, Bains M. The Additive Effects of Creatine Supplementation and Exercise Training in an Aging Population: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2020; 43(2):99-112. https://doi.org/10.1519/jpt.0000000000000222 
  • Rawson ES, Venezia AC. Use of creatine in the elderly and evidence for effects on cognitive function in young and old. Amino Acids. 2011; 40(5):1349-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-0855-9 
  • Brose A, Parise G, Tarnopolsky MA. Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003; 58(1):11-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/58.1.b11 
  • Chilibeck PD, Chrusch MJ, Chad KE, Shawn Davison K, Burke DG. Creatine monohydrate and resistance training increase bone mineral content and density in older men. J Nutr Health Aging. 2005; 9(5):352-3. 
Combine creatine with other nutrients with an EU-health claim: calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D.

♂️ Male Fertility

  • Nedeljkovic, D., Todorovic, N., Javorac, D., Baltic, S., Vranes, M., Panic, J., Kladar, N., Ratgeber, L., Betlehem, J., Acs, P., Stea, T. H., Engeset, D., Stajer, V., & Ostojic, S. M. The effects of 8-week creatine supplementation with and without ubiquinol on sperm quality biomarkers in normospermic and oligospermic men: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Nutrition and health 2025, 2601060251385000. https://doi.org/10.1177/02601060251385000 
  • Nedeljkovic, D., Todorovic, N., Stea, T. H., Engeset, D., & Ostojic, S. M. Association between dietary creatine intake and serum biomarkers of spermatogenesis in males aged 12 years and older. Reproduction & fertility 2025, 6(3), e250009. https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-25-0009 
  • Kuribayashi, S., Fukuhara, S., Kitakaze, H., Tsujimura, G., Imanaka, T., Ueda, N., … & Nonomura, N. PD06-06 Role of Intratesticular Creatine in Regulating the Blood-Testis Barrier and Its Impact on Spermatogenesis. The Journal of Urology 2025, 213(5S), e171. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JU.0001109764.27496.08.06 
  • Kuribayashi, S., Fukuhara, S., Kitakaze, H. et al. Intratesticular creatine maintains spermatogenesis by defining tight junctions. Sci Rep 2024, 14, 30692. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77986-3 
  • Ostojic, S.M.; Stea, T.H.; Engeset, D. Creatine as a Promising Component of Paternal Preconception Diet. Nutrients 2022, 14, 586. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030586 
  • Farina, M., Maugeri, A., Rapisarda, A., & Navarra, M. The impact of food and nutraceuticals on human fertility. Food Nutrition 2025, 100021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fnutr.2025.100021 
  • Nasrallah F, Hammami MB, Omar S, et al. Semen Creatine and Creatine Kinase Activity as an Indicator of Sperm Quality. Clinical Laboratory. 2020;66(9). https://doi.org/10.7754/clin.lab.2020.191248 
  • Umehara, T., Kawai, T., Goto, M., Richards, J. S., & Shimada, M. Creatine enhances the duration of sperm capacitation: a novel factor for improving in vitro fertilization with small numbers of sperm. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 2018, 33(6), 1117–1129. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dey081 
  • Gergely, A., Szöllösi, J., Falkai, G., Resch, B., Kovacs, L., & Huszar, G. Sperm creatine kinase activity in normospermic and oligozospermic Hungarian men. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics 1999, 16(1), 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022545612784 
  • Sidhu, R. S., Hallak, J., Sharma, R. K., Thomas, A. J., Jr, & Agarwal, A. Relationship between creatine kinase levels and clinical diagnosis of infertility. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics 1998, 15(4), 188–192. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023096201880 
  • Rolf, C., Behre, H. M., Cooper, T. G., Koppers, B., & Nieschlag, E. Creatine kinase activity in human spermatozoa and seminal plasma lacks predictive value for male fertility in in vitro fertilization. Fertility and sterility 1998, 69(4), 727–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(97)00570-0 
  • Huszar, G., Vigue, L., & Oehninger, S. Creatine kinase immunocytochemistry of human sperm-hemizona complexes: selective binding of sperm with mature creatine kinase-staining pattern. Fertility and sterility 1994, 61(1), 136–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56466-8 
Combine creatine with other nutrients with an EU-health claim: selenium and zinc.

🪫 Fatigue & Tiredness

  • Ostojic, S. M., Candow, D. G., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. Creatine and post-viral fatigue syndrome: an update. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2025, 22(sup1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2517278 
  • R. Prudente, M. Santos, B. Oliveira, B. Freire, E. Franco, G. Carvalho, G. Sacardo, H. Dusso, I. Bassani, J. Geronutti, L. Antunes, L. Coelho, L. Torres, L. Batalin Jr., L. Brizola, P. Azevedo, S. de Paiva, T. Vargas, Y. Barros, M. Dorna, S. Tanni. Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Fatigue Related to Long COVID – Fatigue Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2025; 211: A2428. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.2025.211.Abstracts.A2428  
  • Godlewska, B.R.; Sylvester, A.L.; Emir, U.E.; Sharpley, A.L.; Clarke, W.T.; Martens, M.A.G.; Cowen, P.J. Six-Week Supplementation with Creatine in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): A Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Feasibility Study at 3 Tesla. Nutrients 2024, 16, 3308. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193308 
  • Gordji-Nejad, A., Matusch, A., Kleedörfer, S. et al. Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation. Sci Rep 2024, 14, 4937. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54249-9 
  • Yokota, Y.; Yamada, S.; Yamamoto, D.; Kato, K.; Morito, A.; Takaoka, A. Creatine Supplementation Alleviates Fatigue after Exercise through Anti-Inflammatory Action in Skeletal Muscle and Brain. Nutraceuticals 2023, 3, 234-249. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals3020019 
  • Slankamenac, J., Ranisavljev, M., Todorovic, N., Ostojic, J., Stajer, V., & Ostojic, S. M. Effects of six‐month creatine supplementation on patient‐and clinician‐reported outcomes, and tissue creatine levels in patients with post‐COVID‐19 fatigue syndrome. Food Science & Nutrition 2023, 11(11), 6899-6906. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3597 
  • Broxterman, R.M.; Layec, G.; Hureau, T.J.; Amann, M.; Richardson, R.S. Skeletal muscle bioenergetics during all-out exercise: Mechanistic insight into the oxygen uptake slow component and neuromuscular fatigue. J. Appl. Physiol. 2017, 122, 1208–1217. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01093.2016 
  • Kreider, R.B.; Stout, J.R. Creatine in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2021, 13, 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020447 
  • Rawson, E. S., Stec, M. J., Frederickson, S. J., & Miles, M. P. Low-dose creatine supplementation enhances fatigue resistance in the absence of weight gain. Nutrition 2011, 27(4), 451–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2010.04.001 
  • Watanabe, A., Kato, N., & Kato, T. Effects of creatine on mental fatigue and cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation. Neuroscience research 2002, 42(4), 279–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00007-x 
Combine creatine with other nutrients with an EU-health claim: iron, folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin C.

🔄 Recovery

  • Kreider, R. B., Jagim, A. R., Antonio, J., Kalman, D. S., Kerksick, C. M., Stout, J. R., Wildman, R., Collins, R., & Bonilla, D. A. Creatine supplementation is safe, beneficial throughout the lifespan, and should not be restricted. Frontiers in nutrition 2025, 12, 1578564. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1578564 
  • Yamaguchi, S.; Inami, T.; Nishioka, T.; Morito, A.; Ishiyama, K.; Murayama, M. The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Recovery from Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Considering Sex and Age Differences. Nutrients 2025, 17, 1772. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111772 
  • Antonio, J., Brown, A. F., Candow, D. G., Chilibeck, P. D., Ellery, S. J., Forbes, S. C., Gualano, B., Jagim, A. R., Kerksick, C., Kreider, R. B., Ostojic, S. M., Rawson, E. S., Roberts, M. D., Roschel, H., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., Tarnopolsky, M. A., VanDusseldorp, T. A., Willoughby, D. S., & Ziegenfuss, T. N. Part II. Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2025, 22(1), 2441760. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2024.2441760 
  • Lehmeidi, Y., & Beck Neto, T. Exploring the Potential Impact of Creatine Supplementation on Anesthetic Outcomes: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2025, 17(8), e90661. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.90661 
  • Gutiérrez-Hellín, J.; Del Coso, J.; Franco-Andrés, A.; Gamonales, J.M.; Espada, M.C.; González-García, J.; López-Moreno, M.; Varillas-Delgado, D. Creatine Supplementation Beyond Athletics: Benefits of Different Types of Creatine for Women, Vegans, and Clinical Populations—A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2025, 17, 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010095 
  • Giraldo-Vallejo, J.E.; Cardona-Guzmán, M.Á.; Rodríguez-Alcivar, E.J.; Kočí, J.; Petro, J.L.; Kreider, R.B.; Cannataro, R.; Bonilla, D.A. Nutritional Strategies in the Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Athletes: A Systematic Integrative Review. Nutrients 2023, 15, 819. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040819 
  • Harmon, K.K.; Stout, J.R.; Fukuda, D.H.; Pabian, P.S.; Rawson, E.S.; Stock, M.S. The Application of Creatine Supplementation in Medical Rehabilitation. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061825
Combine creatine with other nutrients with an EU-health claim: potassium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and zinc.

🧠 Brain & Cognitive Function

  • Xu, C., Bi, S., Zhang, W., & Luo, L. (2024). The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in nutrition, 11, 1424972. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1424972 
  • Prokopidis K, Giannos P, Triantafyllidis KK, et al. Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev. 2023; 81(4):416–427. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuac064  
  • Candow DG, Forbes SC, Ostojic SM, et al. “Heads up” for creatine supplementation and its potential applications for brain health and function. Sports Med. 2023; 53(S1):49–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01870-9  
  • Roschel H, Gualano B, Ostojic SM, Rawson ES. Creatine supplementation and brain health. Nutrients. 2021; 13(2):586. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020586   
  • Candow, D.G.; Forbes, S.C.; Kirk, B.; Duque, G. Current Evidence and Possible Future Applications of Creatine Supplementation for Older Adults. Nutrients 2021, 13, 745. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030745 
  • Bonilla, D. A., Stout, J. R., Candow, D. G., Jiménez-García, J. D., Gómez-Miranda, L. M., Ortiz-Ortiz, M., Forbes, S. C., Ostojic, S. M., Vargas-Molina, S., & Kreider, R. B. The power of creatine plus resistance training for healthy aging: enhancing physical vitality and cognitive function. Frontiers in physiology 2024, 15, 1496544. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1496544 
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Combine creatine with other nutrients with an EU-health claim: DHA, niacin, vitamin B6, and vitamin C.